tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80338045363734869182024-03-18T14:57:57.665-04:00International Law Studiesan independent forum for the publication of international and comparative law researchInternational Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comBlogger131125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-75152152856951959442024-03-18T14:57:00.000-04:002024-03-18T14:57:21.080-04:00International Prosecution of Gender-Based Violence<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><b>How the ICTY Transformed the Treatment of this “Inevitable Consequence of War” </b></span><br />By <b><span style="color: #274e13;">Brianna Wagner</span></b><br /><br /><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii-Ng32xty_BPG5V29vO1EsSapK-2oc7XDXC37zZrzBJO5gv7ILT2eW54bvRAItxO_qBT-oXvmPT7LHHHrzJWAJWug_TgdBx6EhrrASsUd7dR5Pc1CjeKf1TY0CFd0LxN-yQNQSy6UJ_ifQH2Bu1SCrCb3lwEeVe5p93E1gnBj0SVjvhEZftEFLkKyacA/s466/BWagner%20pic.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="381" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii-Ng32xty_BPG5V29vO1EsSapK-2oc7XDXC37zZrzBJO5gv7ILT2eW54bvRAItxO_qBT-oXvmPT7LHHHrzJWAJWug_TgdBx6EhrrASsUd7dR5Pc1CjeKf1TY0CFd0LxN-yQNQSy6UJ_ifQH2Bu1SCrCb3lwEeVe5p93E1gnBj0SVjvhEZftEFLkKyacA/w164-h200/BWagner%20pic.png" width="164" /></a></div><span style="color: #274e13;"><b>Brianna Wagner</b></span> is a third-year student at Albany Law School from Troy, New York. She graduated magna cum laude from Fordham University with a major in Political Science and a minor in Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies.<br />During her time at Albany Law, Brianna has served as both Secretary and Co-Chair of the Women’s Law Caucus, Teaching Assistant for Introduction to Lawyering I & II, and participated in the Donna Jo Morse Client Counseling Competition and the Domenick L. Gabrielli Appellate Advocacy Competition.<br />In her role as WLC Co-Chair, Brianna served as a student member of the Kate Stoneman Committee. In the 2023-24 academic year, she also served as an ex officio member of the Gender Fairness Committee of the Third Judicial District.<br />Brianna will be joining Hinman Straub as a first-year associate in the fall, pending her admission to the New York State Bar. </i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i><br /></i><br />Richard Goldstone, the former Chief Prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, noted that “[m]en had written the laws of war in an age when rape was regarded as being no more than an inevitable consequence of war.”</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">In the aftermath of the Bosnian War, the ICTY was tasked with prosecuting the atrocities that occurred at the hands of the Serbian army. For the first time in international legal history, the tribunal departed from the idea that sexual assault is simply a byproduct of war and set a new precedent for how sexual violence should be prosecuted.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">This paper examines how that tribunal permanently altered the way international law prosecutes gender-based violence, by including sexual violations in convictions of genocide, grave breaches, crimes against humanity, and violations of the laws and customs of war. Other international tribunals have used the ICTY as a template for prosecuting gender-based crimes and have continued developing the way international law addresses sexual violence.</div><div style="text-align: left;">_____________________<br />To read the paper, open <span style="color: #274e13;"><b><span><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mfuUVp4HIE5ARBgHCtDhTteIFXjoWO1Z/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">HERE</a></span></b>.</span></div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-60966449075900401162024-02-29T22:26:00.000-05:002024-02-29T22:26:09.770-05:00 The Great Irish Potato Famine: Did the British “Famine Relief” Constitute Genocide?<div style="text-align: left;">By <b><span style="color: #274e13;">Christina C. Jefferson</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixnNB9ZoK_zRW-8-VQAHtP1UqU2gh5yprI5xZ8LZwDeWq8bZ2Qb6iYBASNtddlYPGXd5vk6wmY5KvzDkADgz4I_M9BksPThWWgflG8tm8UUHDuTNMrHN3mu8pur-8Vu4h0sWDbBWn_CP0ZK1kqka0fB2E0RYReRT2MphGrZG91nmx-cuci7_k5UZxqKrk/s1662/CJefferson%20pic.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1662" data-original-width="1474" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixnNB9ZoK_zRW-8-VQAHtP1UqU2gh5yprI5xZ8LZwDeWq8bZ2Qb6iYBASNtddlYPGXd5vk6wmY5KvzDkADgz4I_M9BksPThWWgflG8tm8UUHDuTNMrHN3mu8pur-8Vu4h0sWDbBWn_CP0ZK1kqka0fB2E0RYReRT2MphGrZG91nmx-cuci7_k5UZxqKrk/w178-h200/CJefferson%20pic.jpg" width="178" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="color: #274e13;"><b>Christina Jefferson</b></span>, a 3L at Albany Law School, graduated from Niagara University, magna cum laude, with a Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice and Criminology and then earned a Master of Science in Criminal Justice Administration from Niagara as well.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><i>At Albany Law, Christina was the winner of the 2022 Donna Jo Morse Client Counseling Competition, and she has served as both a Research Assistant for Professor Evelyn Tenenbaum and a Criminal Law Teaching Assistant for Professor Vincent Bonventre. She is currently a Law Clerk at Shaw, Perelson, May & Lambert, and she is also currently working toward her Private Investigator license in New York State.</i></div><div><i>Christina enjoys hiking and has a lifetime goal of visiting every National Park in the United States.</i></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>The Great Famine in Ireland obliterated the potato crop and starved a large portion of the Irish population from 1845 to 1849. A fungal disease named phytophthora infestans infected the entire crop and rendered the potatoes useless. At the time, the Irish relied heavily on their potato crop due to its heartiness and ability to grow well without additional resources. Potatoes were the staple crop of the Irish farmers, and roughly half the population relied on the crop for survival, especially the poor, rural communities.</div><div><br /></div><div>By 1846, entire crops succumbed to the blight and were unusable. All told, it is estimated that between five hundred thousand and three million Irish people died as a result of The Great Famine. Some people question whether the British government did enough to help their colony of Ireland during the worst blight they had experienced.</div><div>__________________</div><div>To read the paper, open <b><span style="color: #274e13;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tcs4artn1DHQswn0kdRjqGmM48x1DLwY/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">HERE</a></span></b>.</div></div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-28955205036066697862024-02-05T18:02:00.000-05:002024-02-05T18:02:35.646-05:00The Russo-Ukrainian War: Criminally Started and Executed<div style="text-align: left;">By <b><span style="color: #274e13;">Ryan Janes</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj-WRbOnW2ov0_lCHTGx_iJ6rm23bASILYkAxPTZAIu49vQzsejrGXmc9itwksaF7Tv3LsXKWQQnNMotQbqkBR5fwcdFiZOFv8gVJmg5jHfb3tsymFqnkGf4GwryM4Rifi7R_P4P07RLOv9Sw9_I2BBfEYf0zNwT1Y4AjQviTjoAFqYttlZyTfoSYo3wn0" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="302" data-original-width="278" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj-WRbOnW2ov0_lCHTGx_iJ6rm23bASILYkAxPTZAIu49vQzsejrGXmc9itwksaF7Tv3LsXKWQQnNMotQbqkBR5fwcdFiZOFv8gVJmg5jHfb3tsymFqnkGf4GwryM4Rifi7R_P4P07RLOv9Sw9_I2BBfEYf0zNwT1Y4AjQviTjoAFqYttlZyTfoSYo3wn0=w184-h200" width="184" /></a></div><i><b><span style="color: #274e13;">Ryan Janes</span></b> is a 2023 graduate of Albany Law School. He grew up in Rome, NY, and graduated from SUNY Albany, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and a minor in History.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>During his time at Albany Law, Ryan worked at both the Oneida County Public Defender’s Office and the Albany County District Attorney’s Office. </i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>This past fall, Ryan began working for a firm in Syracuse, NY, handling matters related to Workers Compensation, Employment and Business Law.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>In his free time, Ryan enjoys fishing, golfing, and watching sports.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div>In February 2022, the Russian Federation formally invaded the neighboring nation of Ukraine. This followed nearly a decade of political unrest and civil war in the Eastern regions of that country. Russia’s meddling within the country can largely be seen as the spark that set the fire ablaze, leading to the eventual full-scale invasion of Ukraine, and causing the worst humanitarian crisis in Europe since the end of World War II.</div><div><br /></div><div>The war has led to numerous international crises, with financial sanctions being imposed by nations such as the United States and economic/political organizations such as the European Union, and Russia facing widespread condemnation and isolation in international bodies.</div><div><br /></div><div>Numerous legal questions have arisen because of this conflict and specifically two will be addressed in this paper. (1) Whether the invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation violated international law? (2) Whether the hostilities by either Ukraine or the Russian Federation, constitute war crimes? </div><div><br /></div><div>To address these questions, this paper begins by introducing a brief history of the Russo-Ukrainian War, followed by a discussion of the illegality of the war under international law. Further, the paper describes in detail the specific actions taken by the two Nations which can be constituted as war crimes, and lastly covers the steps taken to seek relief by international courts. Answers to these questions will then be addressed in the conclusion.</div><div>__________________</div><div>To read the paper, open <b><span style="color: #274e13;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LJ6TMYZjguGJbodWkmAZVV3AWZ4HNKMD/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><span style="color: #274e13;">HERE</span></a>.</span></b></div></div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-18147441333122271652023-11-20T11:16:00.000-05:002023-11-20T11:16:33.027-05:00The Madrid Protocol: Filing International Trademarks Is Realistic<div style="text-align: left;">By <b><span style="color: #274e13;">Lauren Salatto-Rosenay</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjsqyVzYLR_C1qzLAkYIzXCow53nhHrsDNauh4u1DOg4s4BwGGSyV4-HRVgQ1f6C85eclGoBF-6ruuNyjSuXg8DdCiOyCiN3czvcEckNF7bTxapBcTEI8wXER8bs3CIe1-cCsPTmWKT7QZK-GPXmuQUcmYb-cqrAIilV-Rum5b7Q4M5dlzVww9d_AoiWUU" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="215" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjsqyVzYLR_C1qzLAkYIzXCow53nhHrsDNauh4u1DOg4s4BwGGSyV4-HRVgQ1f6C85eclGoBF-6ruuNyjSuXg8DdCiOyCiN3czvcEckNF7bTxapBcTEI8wXER8bs3CIe1-cCsPTmWKT7QZK-GPXmuQUcmYb-cqrAIilV-Rum5b7Q4M5dlzVww9d_AoiWUU=w160-h200" width="160" /></a></div><i><b><span style="color: #274e13;">Lauren Salatto-Rosenay</span></b> graduated from Albany Law School in July of 2023 (summa cum laude), completing law school in an accelerated two-year academic track. She received her undergraduate degree from Quinnipiac University (summa cum laude) in 2020 with degrees in Theater and Media Studies.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>While at Albany Law School, Lauren was an editor for the Albany Law Review.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>Prior to law school, Lauren worked as the Company Manager for the Legacy Theatre in Branford, CT. All her life, she has enjoyed being involved in theater productions, whether as a performer, stage manager, director, set designer, playwright, working on the administrative side, or as a theater critic with the CT Critics Circle. Most recently, Lauren co-wrote and co-directed “Joan Joyce! The Musical,” a musical about the greatest female athlete in history. It premiered at the Legacy Theatre in 2021, and just had another great run at the Seven Angels Theatre in Waterbury, CT in October of 2023.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>Lauren also just completed a summer associate position with Reitler, Kailas & Rosenblatt LLP in NYC, working in their entertainment law department. Lauren is pursuing a career in entertainment law. </i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div>As companies and markets globalize, it is beneficial to trademark and business owners to learn how they can easily and realistically extend protection for their trademarks in various foreign nations. This paper explains how the Madrid Protocol (the “Protocol”), an international trademark registration treaty, can be utilized by United States trademark owners to extend protection of their marks to other member countries of the Protocol. This paper breaks down the process, costs and benefits of filing international trademarks through the Madrid Protocol. Additionally, this paper considers how foreign applicants can seek to extend protection of their trademarks within the United States through the Protocol under §66 of the Lanham Act.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Protocol creates a centralized filing system that streamlines the process of applying for trademark protection in multiple countries. Now, the international application can be filed in one language, one currency and with one fee. While still growing, the Protocol currently has 114 members and covers 130 countries.</div><div>____________________________</div><div>To read the paper, open <span style="color: #274e13;"><b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1We7f56my9FyrJJL6s-uV2eoE_NTy2lm6/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">HERE</a></b>.</span></div></div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-39011584896081627602023-10-20T17:20:00.002-04:002023-10-20T17:20:32.172-04:00“If I Could Change the World, I’d Have World Peace”: The Inevitability of War and Sovereignty’s Influence<div style="text-align: left;">By <b><span style="color: #274e13;">Megan M. Tylenda</span></b>*<br /><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEisNc7qto0WxnPQU-4kYGDYfKuVQlDsKvyjFkpWIMn7WLWsEAxhSsgfm4-88M4hifMYYMdTN3xGXn4UCOBArVm3EtqYo-mGRJUzEbAvCt3RzF3Vw9kTWPExO8N_CTwwwsKSKNNIZS9Z7w9xDJmBTs0nqmzHG3652mIxG3zAxlkeSHqr9l5jMbYXPrw69sQ" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1877" data-original-width="1702" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEisNc7qto0WxnPQU-4kYGDYfKuVQlDsKvyjFkpWIMn7WLWsEAxhSsgfm4-88M4hifMYYMdTN3xGXn4UCOBArVm3EtqYo-mGRJUzEbAvCt3RzF3Vw9kTWPExO8N_CTwwwsKSKNNIZS9Z7w9xDJmBTs0nqmzHG3652mIxG3zAxlkeSHqr9l5jMbYXPrw69sQ=w182-h200" width="182" /></a></div><span style="color: #274e13;"><b>Megan Tylenda</b></span> is a 3L and will graduate from Albany Law School in May 2024. Prior to law school, Meg graduated summa cum laude from Virginia Tech with a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, a Bachelor of Science in Sociology, and a double minor in Global Engagement and Peace Studies/Violence Prevention.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>At Albany Law, Meg has served on the Student Bar Association as a 1L Senator and 2L Senator and is currently the Executive Treasurer. She is the Executive Editor for Miscarriages of Justice for Albany Law Review. Additionally, she has worked for Dean Rosemary Queenan and Professor Christine Chung as a Research Assistant and interned with the NYS Third Judicial District Office of Court Administration and the SUNY System Administration’s Office of General Counsel.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>Also, Meg is also a Lifetime Girl Scout and enjoys baking desserts and spending time with her cat, Beans. Following graduation, Meg hopes to practice in the education and employment law fields.</i></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i>* J.D. Candidate, Albany Law School, 2024; B.A., Philosophy, B.S., Sociology, Virginia Tech, 2021. Many thanks to </i><i>Professor Vincent M. Bonventre, Justice Robert H. Jackson Distinguished Professor of Law, Albany Law School, for a terrific International Law of War & Crime Seminar in 2022. Thank you to the staff of International Law Studies for your work. All views and errors are my own.</i></div></blockquote><p><br /></p><div style="text-align: left;">World peace is an optimistic and sought-after concept. However, no matter how desirable, world peace is unattainable. This is blunt, but it is the truth. Given the innate human nature to wage war, the use of sovereignty to create and sustain war, and the international rules that govern any and all action towards war-driven states, world peace is but a mere dream.</div><p></p><div style="text-align: left;">This Paper addresses the prospect of world peace through the lens of sovereignty, specifically with regard to the role sovereignty has played in the Russia-Ukraine conflict. The notion of sovereignty has been invoked throughout this conflict in a way that has disrupted traditional United Nations mechanisms that exist to mitigate conflict. </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">By examining the inherent loopholes in this aspect of international law, it is reasonable to believe that world peace –or, more pointedly, the absence of global violence and injustice; “positive peace”– will never come to fruition. </div><div style="text-align: left;">_________________________</div><div style="text-align: left;">To read the paper, open <b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zP8xWJv2ybSu6k5n8QfvZ7X2T2sJw8y7/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><span style="color: #274e13;">HERE</span></a></b>.</div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-74327741269088043242023-08-23T12:42:00.002-04:002023-08-23T12:42:19.623-04:00The U.N.’s “Responsibility to Protect”<div style="text-align: left;">By <b><span style="color: #274e13;">Alexandra Galus</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMSsbpSHqDWUStluvpryf6BYmeEvCVLOCcXnOW8qwyji97gBIJFZ66H-D1_-Jw-u_c1Bm2GUW1USZZlCFB0a23Fv484Nn9TosI7tsBrgIIMyzMd4CJbamGpJi7nY21aVGfEJoZr4NFv568pCUMWj4WzP5H1RwCy-oFgJPL2iCAsqIDVO2tXwBh7xpoy74/s556/AGalus%20pic.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="556" data-original-width="468" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMSsbpSHqDWUStluvpryf6BYmeEvCVLOCcXnOW8qwyji97gBIJFZ66H-D1_-Jw-u_c1Bm2GUW1USZZlCFB0a23Fv484Nn9TosI7tsBrgIIMyzMd4CJbamGpJi7nY21aVGfEJoZr4NFv568pCUMWj4WzP5H1RwCy-oFgJPL2iCAsqIDVO2tXwBh7xpoy74/w168-h200/AGalus%20pic.png" width="168" /></a></div><i><span style="color: #274e13;"><b>Ali Galus</b></span> is a 2023 Albany Law School graduate. She grew up in Buffalo, NY, and received Bachelor's degrees in Political Science and International Studies from SUNY Cortland.</i></div><div><i>While in law school, Ali was a member of the Government Law Review, serving as their Managing Editor for Research and Writing in her 3L year. She was also heavily involved in the Moot Court program and served as the Domenick L. Gabrielli Appellate Advocacy Competition Chair in her 3L year as well.</i></div><div><i>Ali has done several internships within the New York State government, including at the New York State Department of Health, the Office of the Attorney General, and the New York State Assembly. She will be pursuing a career in civil litigation, starting at Napierski, Vandenburgh, Napierski, and O’Connor this fall.</i></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>The official purpose of the United Nations is “[t]o maintain international peace and security; to achieve international cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; [and] to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these common ends.” The United Nations (“UN”) places a strong focus on international peace and security, as the catalyst to the development of the UN was an international conflict.</div><div><br /></div><div>However, despite that being one of the UN's basic principles, the organization hasn't always been successful in achieving that goal. In the seventy-seven years since the UN was founded, there have been several armed conflicts, wars, and genocides that have occurred on its watch. The UN has fundamentally restructured how to approach sustaining international peace and security as a result of some startling failures. Some of these failures were not the organization's fault directly. But they were still perceived as contributing to the catastrophes in some way.</div><div><br /></div><div>What was the UN’s response to the disastrous failures? The introduction of the “Responsibility to Protect” Doctrine. To determine whether the "Responsibility to Protect" Doctrine was the correct response to address the UN’s earlier failures, this paper will examine the UN's most significant errors in carrying out its previous missions, as well as the adoption of the doctrine and its overall success.</div><div>___________</div><div>To read the paper, open <b><span style="color: #274e13;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vVIcs9AYIv_GNh-TT-DwUYTkyCUYGnym/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><span style="color: #274e13;">HERE</span></a>.</span></b></div></div></div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-15792515729287278752023-08-02T16:05:00.000-04:002023-08-02T16:05:16.197-04:00Operation Paperclip of World War II<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #274e13;">The Allied Control Council, Arthur Rudolph, and the Great Brain Drain </span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #274e13;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">By<b> Lukas Moller </b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjx4IzcQZEw1UL_kMUaVWUWrfNK1dM4XEPyQPiAAbJwOl2UOEvrFl_cdPIS93G_IKZzEW1cYBorNyz-iOTC7jht_uuPHC9TTfPMR9gx5rv6HtucKNEJNZcqbHcH2uuRkYeLa-YLDUC_4Rw7GV2q9icJtneYeGqetX72fBEmRJa8afobEVaVvbkQtz91vKo" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="310" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjx4IzcQZEw1UL_kMUaVWUWrfNK1dM4XEPyQPiAAbJwOl2UOEvrFl_cdPIS93G_IKZzEW1cYBorNyz-iOTC7jht_uuPHC9TTfPMR9gx5rv6HtucKNEJNZcqbHcH2uuRkYeLa-YLDUC_4Rw7GV2q9icJtneYeGqetX72fBEmRJa8afobEVaVvbkQtz91vKo=w173-h200" width="173" /></a></div><b><span style="color: #274e13;">Lukas Moller</span></b> is a 2023 graduate of Albany Law School. He grew up in Altamont, NY. He received his Bachelor of Arts, Summa Cum Laude, in Honors History from SUNY Albany. While at Albany Law School, Lukas interned for the Albany County District Attorney’s Office, Goldman Sachs Ayco Personal Wealth Management, and the United States Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of New York.Lukas will be joining Goldman Sachs Ayco Personal Wealth Management, focusing on tax, trust and estates and securities matters. Lukas wrote this paper for Professor Bonventre’s International Law of War and Crime Seminar.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i><br /><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div>A night out in Huntsville, Alabama may involve a Huntsville Havoc hockey game, a concert, or a rodeo at the Von Braun Center, a multi-purpose facility located in the middle of downtown Huntsville. [<i>See Best Places to Live in the U.S. in 2023–2024, U.S. NEWS, https://realestate.usnews.com/places/rankings/best-places-to-live.</i>] The Von Braun Center is named after Wernher Von Braun, a German rocket scientist who spearheaded the NASA space program that sent astronauts to the Moon in 1969. [<i>See National Aviation Hall of Fame, Wernher Von Braun, https://nationalaviation.org/enshrinee/wernher-von-braun/</i>.]</div><div><br /></div><div>Although his name is enshrined in a popular event destination, Wernher Von Braun had a very checkered past as a member of the Allgemine-SS branch of the Nazi party throughout the late 1930s and early 1940s. In the summer of 1945, the United States Army transferred Von Braun and his associates to America and commissioned them to work in the Army Ballistic Missile Agency. Von Braun was not alone, and the covert operations to resettle German scientists in the wake of World War II is now known as Operation Paperclip.</div><div><br /></div><div>Not only was the operation covert from the American public, but it was covert from the Legislature (and the Judiciary) to keep government agencies and even President Truman from delaying or canceling the program. This essay will address the possible international law implications if the operation was made public prior to 1984, and if the “interest of national security” outweighed the harboring of possible war criminals.</div><div>___________________</div><div>To read the paper, open <span style="color: #274e13;"><b><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zmLjBHqwnouFLam7_AUo0PoX663LnpkM/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=103137620784519871174&rtpof=true&sd=true" target="_blank">HERE</a></b>.</span></div></div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-54092145296127792712023-08-01T14:39:00.002-04:002023-08-02T13:41:40.403-04:00International Law Studies Staff, 2023 - 2024<p><b style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><u>Director</u></span> <span style="color: #0b5394;"><a href="http://www.newyorkcourtwatcher.com/p/author-vin-bonventre.html">Vincent M. Bonventre</a></span></b></p><span><b><span style="color: blue;"><u>Student Editorial Board, 2022 - 2023</u></span></b></span><br /><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><u>Editor-in-Chief</u></span></b><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjBfIXjWGLWTDMvDVngAp6p_Hc-pbyOOE8QHcjOA8J1Y9owLPHuZvEiwGQgp5Rbg5OWjB0daCZXB2yhDstriIG1efPaF8hFI0JpcjnuPLVd244JHX2ADz545EEwt3VJAw46cKPFia5wt4huUWf7HwiZ9LiXHSp9JByeXNKW0VaC7sHPvmNtlg1emMWh" style="clear: left; float: left; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="668" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjBfIXjWGLWTDMvDVngAp6p_Hc-pbyOOE8QHcjOA8J1Y9owLPHuZvEiwGQgp5Rbg5OWjB0daCZXB2yhDstriIG1efPaF8hFI0JpcjnuPLVd244JHX2ADz545EEwt3VJAw46cKPFia5wt4huUWf7HwiZ9LiXHSp9JByeXNKW0VaC7sHPvmNtlg1emMWh=w168-h200" width="168" /></a><i style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Edad Mercier</span></b> </i>is a 3L at Albany Law School. She received her undergraduate degree from Harvard College, where she majored in History. Edad is also a Law Clerk with the Legal Aid Society of Northeastern New York and a student member of the National Lawyers Guild. She is interested in human rights law, international law, and prisoners' rights. Her work has been published in the Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, and the Journal Of Anthropological And Archaeological Sciences. She is also on the editorial board of the Middle Eastern Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences.</div></i><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="color: blue;"><u>Executive Editor</u></span></b></div><div><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj0BF-h0k1tmN8c4Pe49mupa-U82oHXA4CZRQN2rwVYpKWt0Ug1HTQtUcMeNxI7JJw58nwXGJ6w2ad4vmoTWF4bLXn-lFDo8fvRSUtWjud58DFREjS_5oeBrIF8JOClOXG20ohx3jtDEYAQklartMkKOQwJVG2QnbbypD5FcxxN8RmHMF4viP6ORyoH4AI" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="474" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj0BF-h0k1tmN8c4Pe49mupa-U82oHXA4CZRQN2rwVYpKWt0Ug1HTQtUcMeNxI7JJw58nwXGJ6w2ad4vmoTWF4bLXn-lFDo8fvRSUtWjud58DFREjS_5oeBrIF8JOClOXG20ohx3jtDEYAQklartMkKOQwJVG2QnbbypD5FcxxN8RmHMF4viP6ORyoH4AI=w168-h200" width="168" /></a></div></i></b></span></span><i><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Priscila Galambos </span></b>is a rising 3L at Albany Law School and is originally from Sarasota, Florida. She hopes to focus her studies on international law and human trafficking in particular. She is the Student Editor-in-Chief of the New York State Bar Association's Environmental Lawyer Journal, as well as the Vice President of the Latin American Law Students Association at Albany Law School. She is dedicated to representing disadvantaged populations and learning more about international criminal law.</i></div><div><span style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div><b><span style="color: blue;"><u>Executive Editor</u></span></b></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;"><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhCv_dWFrCt-ITlIjrVtlpdd9RunBCXF2yla98zk5ZQ548VdSP1HwuIjs8z2CMbrB94ocG_54UJcq7YedZPBYVv2v9CdJvW1IflC6rWn9pSPLzMUqcMkiUQB9hLbOB2Lfw110eP56KkgqtaCQHCbpQkedDd2CVnmPUYV9Ro2jGtaldFWZ0LtVJfnB4p6xY" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="519" data-original-width="472" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhCv_dWFrCt-ITlIjrVtlpdd9RunBCXF2yla98zk5ZQ548VdSP1HwuIjs8z2CMbrB94ocG_54UJcq7YedZPBYVv2v9CdJvW1IflC6rWn9pSPLzMUqcMkiUQB9hLbOB2Lfw110eP56KkgqtaCQHCbpQkedDd2CVnmPUYV9Ro2jGtaldFWZ0LtVJfnB4p6xY=w182-h200" width="182" /></a></div></i></span><i><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Joseph A. Anias</span></b> is a third-year student at Albany Law School. He grew up in Westchester, New York, and graduated from SUNY The College at Brockport, studying Political Science and Philosophy. </i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>Throughout his time in Albany Law School, Joe has served as the Associate Board Member for Moot Court, Subeditor for Government Law Review, and Teaching Assistant for Criminal Law and Introduction to Lawyering I & II. He is currently serving as the Competition Chair for the Karen C. McGovern Senior Prize Trials Competition and as Associate Editor for Government Law Review. </i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>Joe has interned with the Third Judicial District of the New York State Unified Court System, New York State Office of the Attorney General Litigation Bureau, Albany District Attorney's Office, and New York District Attorney’s Office. After graduation, Joe hopes to work as a criminal law attorney.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><u>Executive Editor</u></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjMNDTee23G-t5BcnMrIHbu-apuBCaYit9VqhSs5WzcrxGuy8dWx7r9eiWyeuigmnU4XkZ1H1XqvwGEGr685HNKY4r9XnI1BxE5BiugW-uvfKzW2irqaC8BQ7r6y6HSbFlhWgoVFaMOwwc419qgim52CqQEgPGbtXDi5ZxO0bSEcCAe2oGCc7xrCzCBtfI" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="767" data-original-width="709" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjMNDTee23G-t5BcnMrIHbu-apuBCaYit9VqhSs5WzcrxGuy8dWx7r9eiWyeuigmnU4XkZ1H1XqvwGEGr685HNKY4r9XnI1BxE5BiugW-uvfKzW2irqaC8BQ7r6y6HSbFlhWgoVFaMOwwc419qgim52CqQEgPGbtXDi5ZxO0bSEcCAe2oGCc7xrCzCBtfI=w185-h200" width="185" /></a></div><i><span style="color: blue;"><b>Rachael Brown</b></span> </i>is a second year JD candidate at Albany Law School. She graduated from SUNY New Paltz where she majored in International Relations and minored in Disaster Studies. At Albany Law she is a member of Government Law Review and the Women's Law Caucus. </div></i><div><i>She spent the summer following her first year at Albany Law as an intern with the Honorable Daniel J. Stewart in the Northern District of New York. </i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>______________________</i></div><div>For previous years' staffs, click <b><span><a href="http://internationallawstudies.blogspot.com/2021/09/international-law-studies-staff-2022.html" target="_blank">HERE</a></span></b>. </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-45707283800437675582023-07-06T11:59:00.001-04:002023-07-06T11:59:20.265-04:00Music That Kills: A Nazi Tool in Their Genocidal Agenda <div style="text-align: left;">By <span style="color: #274e13;"><b>Nate Altman</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjwWPC8kaTAr-i0ZoCLOzDu3vaeh23CsAQbOUEN26N3cY8DrBefs8HnnNjRZG7yvvcNZWjGjln01_IuzKR3RQ69oLeea-SJQe0QlqXtRpZhPJ-7DjIWwTjGNIqxujErN4Gd5iYCxX5bpZblYyWikJnOqEVooOvmbtVdbdihqcLeYECjfgxiArdAFdWhD0/s610/NAltman%20pic.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="610" data-original-width="575" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjwWPC8kaTAr-i0ZoCLOzDu3vaeh23CsAQbOUEN26N3cY8DrBefs8HnnNjRZG7yvvcNZWjGjln01_IuzKR3RQ69oLeea-SJQe0QlqXtRpZhPJ-7DjIWwTjGNIqxujErN4Gd5iYCxX5bpZblYyWikJnOqEVooOvmbtVdbdihqcLeYECjfgxiArdAFdWhD0/w189-h200/NAltman%20pic.jpg" width="189" /></a></div><i><span style="color: #274e13;">Nate Altman</span> is a 2023 Albany Law School graduate, who is sitting for the July Bar Examination. He grew up in Andover, MA, and received a bachelor’s degree from Union College.</i></div><div><i>Prior to law school, Nate worked in the underwriting and legal departments of Mutual of America Financial Group and lived in Manhattan. As a 3L, Nate served as Treasurer of the Albany Law School Golf Club and was heavily involved in the Albany Law School Rugby Football Club. He previously served on the Moot Court Executive Board as a 2L.</i></div><div><i>Nate has been a law clerk for the past year at Hinman Straub PC and will continue full-time after taking the bar exam. Previously, he worked at the Schenectady County District Attorney’s Office as a law clerk in the Appeals Division. </i></div><div><i>In his free time, Nate enjoys skiing, golfing, and cycling.</i></div><div><br /></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>As a society, we are aware of the atrocities that occurred throughout Europe before and during World War II. The vast amounts of information available to the world documenting the Third Reich and its systematic oppression and extermination of the Jewish people and others is no secret. There were concentration camps, gas chambers, ghettos, wooden bunks stuffed with emaciated, dying people, mass graves, and firing squads.</div><div><br /></div><div>Less commonly known, however, is the important role that music played in the Nazi facilitation and operation of prison camps. Music was used to physically break down, punish, dupe, humiliate, and murder prisoners. At the same time, the Nazis used music for their so-called entertainment. Prisoner-built orchestras, singing marches, and music "shows" occurred throughout the many concentration camps.</div><div><br /></div><div>It was by design that music was a helpful tool in the decimation of Jews and others. This paper serves to enlighten the public on the Nazi's use of music during the Holocaust, adding music to the list of countless war crimes committed against prisoners and to the genocide committed against the Jewish people.</div><div>_________________________</div><div><div>To read the paper, open <b><span style="color: #274e13;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1db567SMDOaZ4qQ40-57UfipW__j8THOw/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">HERE</a></span></b>.</div></div></div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-89555230764230190502023-07-02T15:25:00.005-04:002023-07-02T15:26:28.692-04:00Russia’s War Against Ukraine<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #274e13;">Lessons from Yugoslavia and Rwanda Support Claims of Genocide</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #274e13;">By <b>Philip Amur</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqZ7kK0gu8zyEFdjJJODAmuzcxKuvyr2X8AQCNizvTsS1jTAGaOWUejW-1Lk1u4nRqTQGHbZPasn5JYyP4_A5vvuSIFaoo4KjbJyFXqDG5vTeMQe7XSHF_ubNSpvkus68zVEq7wIW5nEK_LNoTNm4Y4t_MM1YM3tAMfS2_NGUOrzayn3EGzjYg97tCjqg/s1139/PAmur%20pic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1139" data-original-width="1105" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqZ7kK0gu8zyEFdjJJODAmuzcxKuvyr2X8AQCNizvTsS1jTAGaOWUejW-1Lk1u4nRqTQGHbZPasn5JYyP4_A5vvuSIFaoo4KjbJyFXqDG5vTeMQe7XSHF_ubNSpvkus68zVEq7wIW5nEK_LNoTNm4Y4t_MM1YM3tAMfS2_NGUOrzayn3EGzjYg97tCjqg/w194-h200/PAmur%20pic.jpg" width="194" /></a></div><i><span style="color: #274e13;">Philip Amur</span> is a May 2023 graduate of Albany Law School. He grew up in Walnut Creek, CA, and received his undergraduate degree from Willamette University, where he majored in Economics and Spanish.</i></div><div><i>At Albany Law School, Philip was involved with the Government Law Center Fellowship Program, the Student Bar Association, research assistance, and moot court competitions. During his time as a student, he interned with the Third Judicial District of the New York State Unified Court System, the Goldwater Institute, the Office of the New York State Comptroller, and the Claims Bureau of the New York State Attorney General’s Office.</i></div><div><i>This September, Philip will be working as an Assistant District Attorney with the Queens County District Attorney’s Office.</i> </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>In February of 2022, Russia launched its long-anticipated invasion of Ukraine. The Russian Federation has labeled the invasion a “special military operation” intended merely to save pro-Russian Ukrainians from the alleged nationalistic tendencies of Kyiv’s current government.</div><div><br /></div><div>However, according to world leaders other commentators, the actions of the Russian government and is military commanders sound in war crimes. Some have gone so far as to classify the acts carried out in Ukraine as genocidal.</div><div><br /></div><div>This paper examines the legal origins of the term “genocide,” how the term has been interpreted by various ad-hoc tribunals, and whether those prior interpretations provide an adequate basis to charge President Putin with this crime.</div><div>_________________________</div><div>To read the paper, open <b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lAO-9kgPaN0-5e_5Di-gYUJmllccmmPY/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><span style="color: #274e13;">HERE</span></a></b>.</div></div></div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-85717032570501352752023-06-15T11:50:00.002-04:002023-06-15T11:50:31.534-04:00Suffering in Silence: The Nuremberg Failure to Prosecute Sex CrimesBy <b><span style="color: #274e13;">Jessica Phillips</span></b><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA1uFJu0vTMH71yhSvjhCrHrgslSUWXu4CfZU4DgiTO0y_WRPeyWQ5OCbEP6tUvDnsrQGkX0z6qpYyD62wyni50XkJbxA_eVgS8v9XdMoFBupicpdI6M3TTAVFrtDO84meLje_877PQdyGVpezIyqYZKSvTb1-VgSXdcnM9DXZ_NADXyNucy3gE1F6/s2425/JPhillips%20pic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2425" data-original-width="1943" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA1uFJu0vTMH71yhSvjhCrHrgslSUWXu4CfZU4DgiTO0y_WRPeyWQ5OCbEP6tUvDnsrQGkX0z6qpYyD62wyni50XkJbxA_eVgS8v9XdMoFBupicpdI6M3TTAVFrtDO84meLje_877PQdyGVpezIyqYZKSvTb1-VgSXdcnM9DXZ_NADXyNucy3gE1F6/w160-h200/JPhillips%20pic.jpg" width="160" /></a></div><i><span style="color: #274e13;">Jessica Phillips</span> is a May 2023 magna cum laude graduate of Albany Law School. Prior to law school, Jessica graduated summa cum laude from the University at Albany with a Bachelor of Science in human development.</i></div><div><i>As a first-year student at Albany Law, Jessica served as a Research Assistant to Dean Rosemary Queenan, exploring access to Free and Appropriate Public Education for children with disabilities. In her second year, Jessica was elected to serve as the Treasurer for Albany Law School’s Family Law Society, a position she held through her third year.</i></div><div><i>In addition to her law school extracurriculars and interests, Jessica was appointed to the New York State Bar Association’s Committee on Children & the Law.</i></div><div><i>Following the bar exam, Jessica will be joining Copps DiPaola Silverman, PLLC as an associate on the matrimonial and family law litigation team.</i></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Utilizing rape as a weapon of war is by no means a recent phenomenon. For as long as conflict has existed, so too has rape.</div><div><br /></div><div>Sexual violence has been used consistently throughout history, originally stemming from the belief that women were property. Rape was viewed as a "legitimate spoil of war," an "inevitable consequence of war and a way to boost soldier morale," and even as a "mark of victory, proof of soldiers’ masculinity and success, and compensation for service.” If history has revealed anything, it is just how interconnected war and rape are.</div><div><br /></div><div>However perpetual and present it has been, rape as a weapon of war has been ignored and overlooked, together with the survivors and victims of these atrocious crimes. Today, numerous international statutes explicitly prohibit rape and other forms of sexual violence during international and domestic conflicts. This was not always the case, however, and progress in this area has been painstakingly slow.</div><div><br /></div><div>It was not until the 1990s, at the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, that rape and other sexual crimes against women and girls were explicitly prohibited, recognized, and prosecuted by the international community. Up to this point, and during the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg in 1945 – 1946, the victims and survivors of rape during war suffered in silence, without recognition of or justice for the vile acts they endured. </div><div>_________________________</div><div>To read the paper, open <b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Ub32ax1FmXZ_eeolWVP8pbls0FNUbahl/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><span style="color: #274e13;">HERE</span></a></b>.</div></div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-90854814154259547612023-06-08T17:12:00.001-04:002023-06-08T17:12:50.020-04:00The U.S. Space Force: More Harm Than Good?By <b><span style="color: #274e13;">Kyle Pittman</span></b><div><div><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxecm930QwocP_bOY9kQ-ZcfDbX7sq6qNUA4Cf9r9pVF5ivnkD6LHfkMLy1WB9Gn-YCJlL_63qkNE2z-u1GlVd-zRT-RWK58OEz-MvGOHf-PwkjNi_YGMPfSkwa4zKcafgI1JiF6gE44J7rndBYKy8hSmASL4MDOJNHR6LEU1-jTnFKqzOQe4uitLl/s2393/KPittman%20pic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2393" data-original-width="2087" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxecm930QwocP_bOY9kQ-ZcfDbX7sq6qNUA4Cf9r9pVF5ivnkD6LHfkMLy1WB9Gn-YCJlL_63qkNE2z-u1GlVd-zRT-RWK58OEz-MvGOHf-PwkjNi_YGMPfSkwa4zKcafgI1JiF6gE44J7rndBYKy8hSmASL4MDOJNHR6LEU1-jTnFKqzOQe4uitLl/w174-h200/KPittman%20pic.jpg" width="174" /></a></div><span style="color: #274e13;">Kyle Pittman</span> is a May 2023 graduate of Albany Law School. He grew up in Rochester, NY and he earned his bachelor’s degree from SUNY Brockport, with a major in Political Science and a minor in International Studies.</i></div><div><i>At Albany Law, Kyle was the Editor-in-Chief of the Government Law Review, Volume 16, a Student Ambassador, and the Treasurer of the Albany Law Rugby Club. He has interned with a variety of offices while at law school, including the chambers of the Honorable Lawrence E. Kahn of the Northern District of New York and at the law firm of Dreyer Boyajian, LLP.</i></div><div><i>Following the bar exam, Kyle will be working as an Assistant Appellate Court Attorney at the New York Appellate Division, Third Department.</i></div></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>The probability of military confrontation in space has been steadily increasing. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 was groundbreaking in implementing guidelines in outer space. However, with the emergence of advanced weaponry, the Outer Space Treaty may be past its time.</div><div><br /></div><div>With the newly enacted Space Force by the US Government, one of the greatest concerns that have been prevalent amongst government officials is whether the creation of a new branch of the military is necessary for an arena that has been subjected to nothing but peaceful actions. Many scholars have questioned why the government and White House have backed such an initiative given the number of restrictions that are in place in outer space to prevent conflict, such as the Outer Space Treaty.</div><div><br /></div><div>The creation of the Space Force has done nothing but increase tension within outer space with rivaling nations attempting to surpass one another, even if that means violating the Outer Space Treaty. While there have been more recent guidelines to ensure the uses of outer space remain peaceful, this paper will illustrate the difficulty of enforcing those guidelines. This paper seeks to analyze the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and in doing so, understand what can and should be done to keep outer space clear of military conflict. </div><div>_________________________</div><div>To read the paper, open <b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/18xGZpACJWokhYqdqUi9zXI0rqDeyKQur/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><span style="color: #274e13;">HERE</span></a></b>.</div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-34013514335083139772023-06-01T12:28:00.000-04:002023-06-01T12:28:43.979-04:00Propaganda: A Weapon of War<div style="text-align: left;">By <b><span style="color: #274e13;">Deana DiBenedetto</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjvCJ-cl6u5pUO-5fyzA0zPl7xN0OBtiwio5G3iPP7ELIKlWJGSu58B_O0NmKqL_mDlcmiCmqXJU5wFTLn-m7Oi6kjoZGpzOXBjEz9oL_C2IWL2TmjGOt36RXPPygBsRpuLMfpXVV2VakU-5DP4dCpUkJAkv_3SXhV0ZMYO4e0XLPK6LiUC9wHc8ywn" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1495" data-original-width="1191" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjvCJ-cl6u5pUO-5fyzA0zPl7xN0OBtiwio5G3iPP7ELIKlWJGSu58B_O0NmKqL_mDlcmiCmqXJU5wFTLn-m7Oi6kjoZGpzOXBjEz9oL_C2IWL2TmjGOt36RXPPygBsRpuLMfpXVV2VakU-5DP4dCpUkJAkv_3SXhV0ZMYO4e0XLPK6LiUC9wHc8ywn=w159-h200" width="159" /></a></div><i><span style="color: #274e13;">Deana DiBenedetto</span> is a May 2023 graduate of Albany Law School. </i></div><div><i>Prior to attending law school, Deana earned her bachelor’s degree from Saint Michael’s College, where she majored in Political Science, complemented by a minor in Crime and Justice. During college, Deana interned with the Greene County District Attorney’s Office, as well as the American Bar Association’s Government Affairs Office in Washington, D.C. </i></div><div><i>During law school, Deana interned in the United States Attorney’s Office, Northern District of New York. Additionally, she participated in a Field Placement in the chambers of the Honorable Daniel J. Stewart. Deana was a quarterfinalist in the 2021 Donna Jo Morse Client Counseling Competition, and she competed in the 2022 Domenick L. Gabrielli Appellate Advocacy Moot Court Competition, in which she and her partner were finalists and received an award for their brief. Deana also won a best oral advocate award. Deana also competed in the 2022 Karen C. McGovern Senior Prize Trials Competition. She and her partner ultimately won the competition, and Deana also won the best oral advocate award. </i></div><div><i>In her last year of law school, Deana served as Vice President of the Italian American Law Student Association, worked as a student ambassador for the Office of Admissions, was an editor for Albany Law Review and the Center for Judicial Process, and worked as a law clerk at Harris Beach PLLC where she will be starting her career after the bar exam.</i></div><div><i>Deana wrote this paper for Professor Bonventre’s International Law of War and Crime seminar.</i></div><div><br /><br /></div><div><div>The First Amendment guarantees that “Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press.” It is widely believed that protection of this constitutional right is vital to ensuring the advancement of knowledge and truth. Yet, the United States government, while tasked with ensuring that information is properly disseminated to the American public in order to maintain an informed citizenry, has increasingly used propaganda to communicate stories in the marketplace of ideas. </div><div>This paper characterizes propaganda as a weapon of war, and provides a case study illustrating the use of propaganda by the United States during the Vietnam War. </div><div>_________________________</div><div>To read the paper, open <span style="color: #274e13;"><b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1BfbvjJy2IXa2Juu6mXU58R6-Ry0uHR5h/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><span style="color: #274e13;">HERE</span></a>.</b></span></div></div></div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-27922280954381604102023-05-10T09:57:00.002-04:002023-05-10T09:57:22.075-04:00Perspectives on the Responsibility to Protect<div style="text-align: left;">By <b><span style="color: #274e13;">Ryan Hayes</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgfZgnn7R8Z15l5PoMnkxfi28Pz7E22XSvufBOlNpQqHdZr6qz1yXp2LWlfgNOQaWLucFFiGTLkt7LGvuV6CVktItZa_mRqiFYX_bV40MqpzZFtzk0c7SvK69PHCrOA-ANneeDK3Z4xMCMjTmErQd5EerLLfWfmZuaqoHOslnHkoEaDD4pGWJ3alzob" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="291" data-original-width="246" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgfZgnn7R8Z15l5PoMnkxfi28Pz7E22XSvufBOlNpQqHdZr6qz1yXp2LWlfgNOQaWLucFFiGTLkt7LGvuV6CVktItZa_mRqiFYX_bV40MqpzZFtzk0c7SvK69PHCrOA-ANneeDK3Z4xMCMjTmErQd5EerLLfWfmZuaqoHOslnHkoEaDD4pGWJ3alzob=w169-h200" width="169" /></a></div><span style="color: #274e13;">Ryan Hayes</span> is a 2017 cum laude graduate of SUNY Geneseo, where he studied International Relations. Following college, he served as a member of the United States Secret Service until he enrolled at Albany Law School.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>Ryan earned his Juris Doctor and graduated manga cum laude in May 2022. He currently practices law in Canandaigua, New York.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Humanitarian intervention remains a hotly contested, and arguably unsettled, area of international law. One of the most divisive legal theories in the realm of humanitarian intervention is the responsibility to protect (R2P), which has sparked intense debate among the international community since its inception.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">The responsibility to protect stemmed from the international community’s failure to respond to genocides of the 1990s. However, the international community continues to grapple with the apparent conflict between R2P and the U.N. Charter’s protection of state sovereignty.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Analyzing R2P’s history, its contested status as law or politics, and its use in Iraq, Libya, and Syria help to demonstrate the apparent tension between the doctrine and the U.N. Charter. This tension poses serious concerns for practitioners, scholars, and for international security at large. </div><div>____________________</div><div>To read the paper, open <b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QtZBe-BJ4PRDxn73qXvQ2U6B6F3OP1Pn/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><span style="color: #274e13;">HERE</span></a></b>.</div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-13253792058576051692023-03-08T13:36:00.000-05:002023-03-08T13:36:09.655-05:00Genocide in Cambodia<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #274e13;">The Khmer Rouge Committed Genocide, Notwithstanding Autogenocide</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;">By <b style="color: #274e13;">Keenan Loder</b></div><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS_RydTHjPkIPTHtcgZemLT7UqzzSPQIpqwUQWlCnW4NDPu1Ob0VPk5L2YUeCc2IT19rgs3h7r6zLKv1SVyECiFer5vuviy94bo8YppdZxmZpdiG5P_FSnfCQwMxaG6xkH_reFLbnp9l7AJG1e_Wn5cuFmuqBV42E40XT7fH6tOLdEACHx5-Hyusx2/s173/Keenan%20Pic%20(2).jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="173" data-original-width="128" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS_RydTHjPkIPTHtcgZemLT7UqzzSPQIpqwUQWlCnW4NDPu1Ob0VPk5L2YUeCc2IT19rgs3h7r6zLKv1SVyECiFer5vuviy94bo8YppdZxmZpdiG5P_FSnfCQwMxaG6xkH_reFLbnp9l7AJG1e_Wn5cuFmuqBV42E40XT7fH6tOLdEACHx5-Hyusx2/s1600/Keenan%20Pic%20(2).jpeg" width="128" /></a></div><b><span style="color: #274e13;">Keenan Loder</span> </b>is a third-year student at Albany Law School. Keenan grew up in Richmondville, New York, and received his Bachelor of Science in Business Management from Molloy College.</i><div><i>While at Albany Law School, Keenan has served as a Teaching Assistant for Constitutional Law, an intern with the Charities Bureau of the New York State Attorney General’s Office, and a summer associate at Whiteman Osterman & Hanna LLP. He also serves as the Editor-in-Chief of the Albany Law Review.</i></div><div><i>Upon graduating, Keenan will be joining Whiteman Osterman & Hanna LLP as an associate and hopes to focus his practice on corporate matters.</i></div><div><i>Keenan wrote this paper for Professor Bonventre’s International Law of War and Crime seminar.</i></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Cambodia in the late 1970s delivered a dark chapter in human history courtesy of the Pol Pot-led Khmer Rouge. The reign of the Khmer Rouge resulted in over a million deaths and a mass exodus. Regardless of what can only be described as mass travesties, scholars have cast doubt on whether the leaders of the Khmer Rouge committed genocide.</div><div><br /></div><div>This Paper argues that the acts of the Khmer Rouge meet the definition of genocide from the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. It argues that this is the case even though more than one group was targeted by the Khmer Rouge and the motivation for killing some of those groups was not because of the exhibited characteristics that place them in a protected class.</div><div>This Paper will provide historical background on the definition of genocide, the events leading to the Khmer Rouge seizing control of Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge’s brief reign, and the aftermath. It will then describe the arguments promoted for regarding the executions as crimes against humanity as opposed to genocide with a specific emphasis on the all-or-nothing approach, and it will then discuss the arguments extended for describing the acts of the Khmer Rouge as genocide.</div><div>Finally, the paper will conclude and argue that the Khmer Rouge did commit genocide, even though some of the executions were against political rivals and were not motivated by destroying a protected group.</div><div>____________________</div><div>To read the paper, open <b><span style="color: #274e13;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WrPoPMC1pnnZXT4j84bmBAZUaY82Jnw8/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">HERE</a></span></b>.</div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-15739491045551727232023-02-28T16:39:00.003-05:002023-02-28T16:51:48.028-05:00Miracle Drugs: Do Developed Nations Have an Obligation to Share Treatment Discoveries?<div style="text-align: left;">By <b><span style="color: #274e13;">Beven B. Nedumthakady</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiAOB5boDiPuI07Zc8jBGuI3Mg5w6ipKbOR7hZ_GV7BfpSou8X-W6meac3XDvxinPcV0NFyYw81I2dVqmde78BRz6jR9KF-edUAkbtcOoYNzlLSgUIJNdYooQ9KmXVPP9mre5nol-hK95oizqmsgwZtS24yME9OEhkzzxNGeQ0rZe0GAmKPo-N6NKKr" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="359" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiAOB5boDiPuI07Zc8jBGuI3Mg5w6ipKbOR7hZ_GV7BfpSou8X-W6meac3XDvxinPcV0NFyYw81I2dVqmde78BRz6jR9KF-edUAkbtcOoYNzlLSgUIJNdYooQ9KmXVPP9mre5nol-hK95oizqmsgwZtS24yME9OEhkzzxNGeQ0rZe0GAmKPo-N6NKKr=w184-h200" width="184" /></a></div><i><span style="color: #274e13;">Beven Nedumthakady</span> is a 3L at Albany Law School. He grew up in the Hudson Valley, and he received a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from SUNY New Paltz before deciding to attend law school.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>During his time at Albany Law School, Beven has served in the Student Bar Association as a Senator and currently as Vice president. He has also served as Vice Justice of the Phi Alpha Delta Rockefeller Chapter, and he is the President and co-founder of the Catholic Law Students Association. Additionally, he is an executive editor of <a href="http://internationallawstudies.blogspot.com/2021/09/international-law-studies-staff-2022.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #274e13;">International Law Studies</span></a>.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>Beven has worked in a number of different legal fields, including civil litigation at the Legal Aid Society of Northeastern N.Y., criminal prosecution at the Albany District Attorney’s Office, and intellectual propriety at Heslin, Rothenberg, Farley & Mesiti P.C.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>In his free time, Beven enjoys hunting fishing, hiking, and spending time outdoors.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">This paper seeks to evaluate whether there is a legal obligation on the part of developed nations to share scientific advancements in the treatment and prevention of sickness and disease. Specifically, it considers the existence of such an obligation to share the available treatment and prevention of COVID-19 with developing nations to help bring the pandemic to an end.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">The paper looks at the toll of the COVID-19 pandemic and the legal history of sharing biological advances under the Biological Weapons Convention. It also considers how international law protects intellectual property rights under the TRIPS Agreement, as well as the carve-out provisions under that international accord. Ultimately, the paper examines the ramifications of waiving intellectual property rights and discusses the arguments on both sides.</div><div style="text-align: left;">____________________</div><div>To read the paper, open <b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cc0gI_tqo7HSbTg-kbBUhx-tlTxgV3kG/view?usp=share_link" target="_blank"><span style="color: #274e13;">HERE</span></a></b>.</div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-27887624060319683912023-02-04T18:11:00.005-05:002023-02-04T18:11:46.664-05:00American Hypocrisy: International Accountability for Everyone But Us<div style="text-align: left;">By <span style="color: #274e13;"><b>Connor Judd</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiIdeHEUYeDQMKSABRCFxJ10gAkxgCcoD0CZcc732kzhc8DTpfV-ZGXrtpeEhC55Wg2KJQ55xX7MEVMCIB2WnnIZ7G2KrVDCnnWzBJmSyKMBnSgZWN6mbazusTuhq3FK0DlrjrDzj7aUaWyIA3C_VD-A0SEorL4O9hVX9doA2FosGhwFoiUUIW1Kk8Z" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="2035" data-original-width="1994" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiIdeHEUYeDQMKSABRCFxJ10gAkxgCcoD0CZcc732kzhc8DTpfV-ZGXrtpeEhC55Wg2KJQ55xX7MEVMCIB2WnnIZ7G2KrVDCnnWzBJmSyKMBnSgZWN6mbazusTuhq3FK0DlrjrDzj7aUaWyIA3C_VD-A0SEorL4O9hVX9doA2FosGhwFoiUUIW1Kk8Z=w196-h200" width="196" /></a></div><i><span style="color: #274e13;">Connor Judd</span> is a 2022 graduate of Albany Law School. He grew up in Rochester, NY and graduated college from the University at Albany, summa cum laude, with a double major in Business and Criminal Justice.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>In law school, Connor was the Managing Editor of Business & Production for the Government Law Review. In addition, he competed in multiple moot court events and interned with Hon. Denise A. Hartman, the Albany County Public Defender’s Office, and the Federal Public Defender’s Office.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>Connor is currently an Assistant Public Defender for the Monroe County Public Defender’s Office. In his free time, Connor enjoys hiking, camping, and watching sports.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>Connor wrote this paper for Professor Bonventre’s International Law of War and Crime seminar.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div>The Nuremberg Trials promised to usher in a new era of international accountability. The world vowed never again after witnessing the atrocities committed during World War II. Yet, the United States, the leading country behind the prosecution at Nuremberg, has continued to repeatedly violate the very laws and principles it sought to enforce.</div><div><br /></div><div>This paper examines two war crimes in particular at the hands of the United States: the atomic bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the My Lai Massacre in Vietnam. Both offer case studies on how the United States has avoided responsibility for its actions in the wake of the Nuremberg Trials.</div><div>____________________</div><div>To read the paper, open <span style="color: #274e13;"><b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qgRn5RdNqeHPZgMaAnn4bnfCArljw_mM/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">HERE</a></b></span>.</div></div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-74358423064434188362022-10-25T14:20:00.000-04:002022-10-25T14:20:10.958-04:00The Future of International Cyberlaw: State Sovereignty Cannot Be the Driving Principle<div style="text-align: left;">By <span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>Nathaniel Clark</b></span> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6ia1EziQfw0z_rYtn02bIQbgWMXRaBt_3kxs2SVnCgOd-wps-ksNgiNhYeQ4CFWxCcJ5x9lVaT8e_2nWTK8KIYuzRhDc1FvsRdV-mzSDOhI8fxw1oP9lUDFPaaRdHYnQEqx91LynPIxsHxoMuybbzpqTttKNPZzXY2BJCJZ6-HrV-YyHyNfxQf6V7" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="199" data-original-width="164" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6ia1EziQfw0z_rYtn02bIQbgWMXRaBt_3kxs2SVnCgOd-wps-ksNgiNhYeQ4CFWxCcJ5x9lVaT8e_2nWTK8KIYuzRhDc1FvsRdV-mzSDOhI8fxw1oP9lUDFPaaRdHYnQEqx91LynPIxsHxoMuybbzpqTttKNPZzXY2BJCJZ6-HrV-YyHyNfxQf6V7=w165-h200" width="165" /></a></div><i><span style="color: #0b5394;">Nathaniel Clark</span> is a 2022 graduate of Albany Law School. Prior to attending law school, he earned his bachelor's degree from the University at Albany, State University of New York, where he majored in Emergency Preparedness, Homeland Security, and Cybersecurity and minored in Philosophy.</i></div><div><i>At Albany Law, Nate was a member of the Albany Law Review. He interned in a variety of offices while in law school, including the chambers of Magistrate Judge Christian F. Hummel of the Northern District of New York and the law firm of O’Connell & Aronowitz, P.C.</i></div><div><i>Nate, who just learned that he passed the bar exam, is currently working as an Assistant Appellate Court Attorney at the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Third Department.</i></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Cybercrime cost the world $6 trillion by the end of 2021, and will have cost $10.5 trillion by 2025. While a unified approach is required to effectively combat cybercrime, national positions on cybersecurity differ greatly. The current international framework addressing cybercrime, the Budapest Convention, is twenty years old, and significant international actors, such as China and Russia, are not signatories.</div><div><br /></div><div>While the Budapest Convention is currently being updated by the European Council, the United Nations is drafting a new and comprehensive cybercrime treaty. At the center of the debate is the issue of state sovereignty and how it should play into international cyberlaw.</div><div><br /></div><div>Russia, China, and other states strongly support a treaty protecting the sovereignty of states to autonomously regulate cyberspace within their own borders. But frameworks emphasizing state sovereignty ignore the borderless nature of cyberspace and cybercrime. Instead, the UN should adopt a treaty similar to the updated Budapest Convention, which contains provisions essential to fighting transnational cybercrime. </div><div>____________________________</div><div>To read the full paper, click <b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/170N_c_qmQ9eLIjWAdR8jf_ngcDB6nre0/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0b5394;">HERE</span></a><span style="color: #073763;">.</span></b> </div></div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-15647299565360062212022-10-17T11:20:00.003-04:002022-10-17T11:20:33.184-04:00Chief Justice John Roberts: An Analysis of His International Law Jurisprudence<div style="text-align: left;">By <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Andrew Cavaluzzi</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp4p307B1dALuSuC53ET_SJgEBGZvjDrY53MvnVM21q9faAARi_1_z3sJ30K3S_obiyIHWkToo5aldaFq85uf4UNjfpcqZrw_TwTSiYbSTMc8_WWamRS5KXOOL09XoXVZ3Uw461f0sfPhhEPjx0CeiWY0NZPGdETGokbtSD5FGsSIvIBaw6g8u3GgT/s220/ACav%20pic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="220" data-original-width="202" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp4p307B1dALuSuC53ET_SJgEBGZvjDrY53MvnVM21q9faAARi_1_z3sJ30K3S_obiyIHWkToo5aldaFq85uf4UNjfpcqZrw_TwTSiYbSTMc8_WWamRS5KXOOL09XoXVZ3Uw461f0sfPhhEPjx0CeiWY0NZPGdETGokbtSD5FGsSIvIBaw6g8u3GgT/w184-h200/ACav%20pic.jpg" width="184" /></a></div><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Andrew Cavaluzzi</b></span> is an Albany Law alum (class of ’22) and currently works at the Westchester County District Attorney’s Office as an Assistant District Attorney. </i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>Andrew grew up in New York City. He earned his Bachelor of Arts in Political Science at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, MA, and also spent a year studying International Relations at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>During his time at Albany Law, Andrew was a member and a class president of the Student Bar Association. He also interned at the Albany County District Attorney's Office, as well as the New York Attorney General's Office. </i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div>John Roberts assumed the role of Chief Justice on September 29, 2005. He is known to have shaped the Court’s role in its international law jurisprudence with a distinct judicial philosophy, best described as institutional-focused and presumptively skeptical.</div><div><br /></div><div>Institutional focused, as it relates to his opinions, means emphasizing a balance between executive and legislative duties, a balance between judiciaries in state and federal courts, as well as strong adherence to narrow opinions. Presumptively skeptical, as it relates to his opinions, refers to his use of strict textualism and canons of construction.</div><div><br /></div><div>This paper will first examine the topics of self-executing treaties and presumptive extraterritoriality as Chief Justice Roberts' most impactful decisions on international law. Second, it will discuss a multitude of opinions written by Roberts highlighting his institutional focus and skepticism. Naturally, these terms can be viewed as Roberts having fundamentally more conservative stances, which do often explain Roberts' stance on these cases.</div><div><br /></div><div>This paper seeks to find the principles that the Chief Justice employs, as well as the impact they have, particularly on the power of the executive branch.</div><div>____________________________</div><div>To read the full paper, click <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uBoxuuQhZnXeuPiUei7HJIqIjMlNodTT/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">HERE</a></span></b>. </div></div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-39887849569359604412022-09-07T12:04:00.003-04:002023-03-16T14:51:58.414-04:00International Law Studies Staff, 2022 - 2023<p><b style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;"><u>Director</u></span> <span style="color: #0b5394;"><a href="http://www.newyorkcourtwatcher.com/p/author-vin-bonventre.html">Vincent M. Bonventre</a></span></b></p><span><b><span style="color: blue;"><u>Student Editorial Board, 2022 - 2023</u></span></b></span><br /><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><u>Editor-in-Chief</u></span></b><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi-AwWeT9hsqWgzqhzJ384hATqYpb5R28LynvKyf9KdWTifnkgVJMhk2JwvIPyYK8xghfQ6dXK7fOHYk9CQhDdYyksZgG6boQzEI24LF0EcbjCzHXOaSzkbzPJiGbFYs86MHfbz0yFAl9aBRY5LHVtY_yFNeenEFXQpnEegTcTfN2XW4tyOMHr9O20v" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="771" data-original-width="622" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi-AwWeT9hsqWgzqhzJ384hATqYpb5R28LynvKyf9KdWTifnkgVJMhk2JwvIPyYK8xghfQ6dXK7fOHYk9CQhDdYyksZgG6boQzEI24LF0EcbjCzHXOaSzkbzPJiGbFYs86MHfbz0yFAl9aBRY5LHVtY_yFNeenEFXQpnEegTcTfN2XW4tyOMHr9O20v=w162-h200" width="162" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><i>Jaclyn R. Yoselevich </i></b></span><i>is a third-year student at Albany Law School. She grew up in Union, New Jersey, and graduated from Ithaca College where she studied Legal Studies, as well as minoring in Mathematics, Communications, Jewish Studies, and Interdisciplinary Studies. After receiving her bachelor's degree, she continued her education at Albany Law School.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>While at Albany Law School, Jaclyn has served as the Associate Board Member for Moot Court, 2L Class Representative of the Student Bar Association, Vice President of Cardozo Legal Society, Treasurer of Phi Alpha Delta, Teaching Assistant for Introduction to Lawyering, and a subeditor for the Government Law Review. Currently, she serves as the Senior Prize Trials Competition Chair for Moot Court, President of Cardozo Legal Society, Vice President of Government Law Society, 3L Class Representative of the Student Bar Association, and Associate Editor for Government Law Review.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>In the past, Jaclyn has worked for the Domestic Violence Prosecution Hybrid Clinic in the Saratoga County District Attorney's Office and an intern at the Schenectady County Public Defender's Office. This summer she interned at the Manhattan District Attorney's Office.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>Upon graduating, Jaclyn hopes to work as a criminal law attorney. In her free time, Jaclyn loves to spend time with family and friends, be out in nature, and play flute.</i></div></div></i><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="color: blue;"><u>Executive Editor</u></span></b></div><div><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTvOGJr2oF4FXvFUWyBoxc6FHM7feK8DdZqyymlfdIQIcNbm3lJp3GCvcQabYT73QvyGIZvILPu10UPBnHkEshuqNnJE2mKClhyGlcM4OQPQmGfXLIoBLZRu4AZ53jc8u8DelEJqof1DpHl_YUrAWzO-6ZnTVWFyg0nYqNAauujTOVq8sbVKcLsVMz/s434/Bevpic.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="434" data-original-width="396" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTvOGJr2oF4FXvFUWyBoxc6FHM7feK8DdZqyymlfdIQIcNbm3lJp3GCvcQabYT73QvyGIZvILPu10UPBnHkEshuqNnJE2mKClhyGlcM4OQPQmGfXLIoBLZRu4AZ53jc8u8DelEJqof1DpHl_YUrAWzO-6ZnTVWFyg0nYqNAauujTOVq8sbVKcLsVMz/w175-h191/Bevpic.jpg" width="175" /></a></div>Beven B. Nedumthakady</i></b></span></span><span style="text-align: center;"><i> is a third-year student at Albany Law School. He grew up in the Hudson Valley, and received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering before deciding to pursue his JD.</i></span></div><div><span style="text-align: center;"><i>During his time at Albany Law School, Beven has served as a Senator and is currently Vice President of the Student Bar Association, has served as Vice Justice of Phi Alpha Delta Rockefeller Chapter, and is the President and co-founder of the Catholic Law Students Association.</i></span></div><div><i style="text-align: center;">Beven has worked in a number of different fields, including civil litigation at Legal Aid Society of Northeastern NY, criminal prosecution at the Albany County District Attorney's Office, and intellectual property at Heslin Rothenberg Farley & Mesiti P.C.</i></div><div><i style="text-align: center;">In his free time, Beven enjoys hunting, fishing, hiking, and spending time outdoors.</i></div><div><span style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div><b><span style="color: blue;"><u>Executive Editor</u></span></b></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgluW28S8PyceTjnS5uRCiuavLW5SRTCjBUu0jt-td0YB-QKP9ygdgjkPE2xExH0DW1m0JNZIM0pY8E89tIRWh6Oqtro2NnPgo6Erg1YqQwqDHSdiTh1112CU3X-J4pKTedco_VO-c6Ro3WATv_HDZRmLU8rN0j-VeFH2BxuERt85Q79n4r1O-5Yc1V" style="clear: left; display: inline; float: left; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="189" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgluW28S8PyceTjnS5uRCiuavLW5SRTCjBUu0jt-td0YB-QKP9ygdgjkPE2xExH0DW1m0JNZIM0pY8E89tIRWh6Oqtro2NnPgo6Erg1YqQwqDHSdiTh1112CU3X-J4pKTedco_VO-c6Ro3WATv_HDZRmLU8rN0j-VeFH2BxuERt85Q79n4r1O-5Yc1V=w173-h184" width="173" /></a></div><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><i>Nicholas A. Alfano</i></b></span></span><span style="text-align: center;"><i> is a third-year student at Albany Law School. </i></span><span style="text-align: center;"><i>He graduated from Seton Hall University, where he majored in Political Science and Philosophy and minored in Economics.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i style="text-align: center;">Nicholas is a founding member of the Catholic Law Students Association where he currently serves as treasurer. He has previously interned with the NYS Division of Consumer Protection’s Utility Intervention Unit and the Third Judicial District of the New York State Unified Court System. </i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><u>Executive Editor</u></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: blue;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD59rzgfWZQAOxhuGmila-aE-TbIftky75mFE7pLqPSNbZAXZ9FUOHg1ieQ45OAgOX-DAULs0Ow5eRSWLPG9e8Bdkncb_BxS9IbVy8oC64Oja3wLxGRIFR0FsnSi4JbGrbXui934Sk3suWZ_VuYmY2g0zNKoUDo7pd1u5gUQEby5OWT_Rf4oeGbj1x/s200/DRicher%20pic.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="178" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD59rzgfWZQAOxhuGmila-aE-TbIftky75mFE7pLqPSNbZAXZ9FUOHg1ieQ45OAgOX-DAULs0Ow5eRSWLPG9e8Bdkncb_BxS9IbVy8oC64Oja3wLxGRIFR0FsnSi4JbGrbXui934Sk3suWZ_VuYmY2g0zNKoUDo7pd1u5gUQEby5OWT_Rf4oeGbj1x/w165-h185/DRicher%20pic.jpg" width="165" /></a></div>Daniel W. Richer</b></span></i></span><i> is a third-year student at Albany Law School. He grew up in Clarence, NY, and graduated from the State University of New York at Fredonia where he majored in History and Political Science.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>After receiving his bachelor’s degree, Dan worked as a litigation paralegal at a personal injury firm in Buffalo. Since attending law school, he has continued to pursue personal injury law while enjoying the numerous fields of study offered at Albany Law.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>In his free time, Dan enjoys distance running and golf. His interests include American history, maritime studies, and international relations.</i><i style="text-align: center;"> </i></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><span style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div><b><span style="color: blue;"><u>Executive Editor</u></span></b></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div><span style="text-align: center;"><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjBfIXjWGLWTDMvDVngAp6p_Hc-pbyOOE8QHcjOA8J1Y9owLPHuZvEiwGQgp5Rbg5OWjB0daCZXB2yhDstriIG1efPaF8hFI0JpcjnuPLVd244JHX2ADz545EEwt3VJAw46cKPFia5wt4huUWf7HwiZ9LiXHSp9JByeXNKW0VaC7sHPvmNtlg1emMWh" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="668" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjBfIXjWGLWTDMvDVngAp6p_Hc-pbyOOE8QHcjOA8J1Y9owLPHuZvEiwGQgp5Rbg5OWjB0daCZXB2yhDstriIG1efPaF8hFI0JpcjnuPLVd244JHX2ADz545EEwt3VJAw46cKPFia5wt4huUWf7HwiZ9LiXHSp9JByeXNKW0VaC7sHPvmNtlg1emMWh=w168-h200" width="168" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i><b style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Edad Mercier</span></b> is </i>a second-year JD candidate at Albany Law School, where she is also a member of the Immigration Law Pro Bono Society. She received her undergraduate degree from Harvard College, where she majored in History.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>Edad has previously interned with the New York State Office of the Attorney General, Bureau of Appeals and Opinions. She is interested in human rights law and prisoners' rights.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>Edad's work has been published in the Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies and the Journal Of Anthropological And Archaeological Sciences. She is also on the editorial board of the Middle Eastern Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences.</i></div></i></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><i>________________________</i></div></div><p>For previous years' staffs, click <b><span><a href="http://internationallawstudies.blogspot.com/2021/08/international-law-studies-staff-2021.html" target="_blank">HERE</a></span></b>. </p>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-4204801024553935402022-05-19T12:05:00.000-04:002022-05-19T12:05:01.139-04:00The Irish Potato Famine: Indifferent Colonial Rule as Genocide <div style="text-align: left;">By <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Daniel W. Richer</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsKPQq_8nDJSvgfPq6LZViSpK_g8xkCquJVJtBBkBMlDaxja2EvvIwgLTXyetaRcYFjtX_wpRmwajN9PbyrZ88AVBagCuVrffX1uwL8M6mFupQk0y8YowPJZPn6qYX7raeo6_TkroEZTAe4xkJHpr3_zunDqhSzkJnHIYY9mZS_kdaQ49-7dhIPOPB/s2847/DRicher%20pic.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2847" data-original-width="2538" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsKPQq_8nDJSvgfPq6LZViSpK_g8xkCquJVJtBBkBMlDaxja2EvvIwgLTXyetaRcYFjtX_wpRmwajN9PbyrZ88AVBagCuVrffX1uwL8M6mFupQk0y8YowPJZPn6qYX7raeo6_TkroEZTAe4xkJHpr3_zunDqhSzkJnHIYY9mZS_kdaQ49-7dhIPOPB/w178-h200/DRicher%20pic.jpg" width="178" /></a></div><i><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Daniel Richer </b></span>is a second-year student at Albany Law School. He grew up in Clarence, NY, and he graduated from the State University of New York at Fredonia where he majored in History and Political Science.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>After receiving his bachelor’s degree, Dan worked as a litigation paralegal at a personal injury firm in Buffalo. Since attending law school, he has continued to pursue personal injury law while enjoying the numerous fields of study offered at Albany Law. </i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Since the conclusion of World War II, the term “genocide” has been used to describe acts taken by governments with the intent of eliminating a particular class of people. These acts are typically rooted out of prejudice against another group’s race, national origin, or religion.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">However, the extent to which the term “genocide” has been used in reference to deliberate inactions of governments is generally limited. Such inactions may be indifference to a group living within a ruling state’s political boundaries as evidenced by certain policy initiatives. Consequently, certain inactions of governments—particularly in the wake of humanitarian crises—have often resulted in the severe exacerbation of disease, mass starvation, and death. Thus, in comparison to systemic acts taken by governments complicit in genocide, inactions may similarly be rooted out of prejudice against another group’s religion, national origin, or social character.</div><div><br /></div><div>Historically, the nation of Ireland remained the victim of severe poverty, colonialism, and political subjugation for centuries. This repression can ultimately be traced back to its function as a British colony and later through its incorporation by Parliament into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In turn, its role as a population was almost entirely based upon the social and economic aspirations of the British Empire, resulting in little political and economic opportunism. Though the island persisted as an ill-equipped nation of people, Ireland was left with minimal institutional structures in place capable of responding to a potential humanitarian crisis. This became particularly evident in the wake of the Irish Potato Famine--a period of scarcity and mass starvation left beyond the control of the people whom it most severely impacted.</div><div><br /></div><div>This paper seeks to address whether the inactions of the British government at the time of the Potato Famine constituted genocide against the people of Ireland.</div><div>____________________________</div><div>To read the full paper, click <span style="color: #38761d;"><b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PI-JZ7KWLTXsHMlDBJ65wG8iFdHyD3X9/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">HERE</a></b></span>. </div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-50370480603951513152022-04-01T15:13:00.002-04:002022-04-01T15:13:30.420-04:00The Holodomor (Ukrainian Genocide) <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>As defined by post-WWII international standards</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;">By <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Harris D. Bresowsky</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigDM_7S9nH4BhQoVnH1A5WsiKO7_O6WIMUUtR-jGv-Av_uCX6i5Us5Uo7Ej5E29GVlum-A53moqDOLwFAJX4pdhbIuRRQxIsQi6yBwEXcUPVCPRjkD8sFri5FELOFE6SuFSMbu2xwOQ1fU02Qt1oECIDWzQhSEBLhsTH_nlIGHnR3IX1I-yrH83UIV/s322/HB%20pic.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="280" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigDM_7S9nH4BhQoVnH1A5WsiKO7_O6WIMUUtR-jGv-Av_uCX6i5Us5Uo7Ej5E29GVlum-A53moqDOLwFAJX4pdhbIuRRQxIsQi6yBwEXcUPVCPRjkD8sFri5FELOFE6SuFSMbu2xwOQ1fU02Qt1oECIDWzQhSEBLhsTH_nlIGHnR3IX1I-yrH83UIV/w174-h200/HB%20pic.png" width="174" /></a></div><i><span style="color: #38761d;">Harris D. Bresowsky</span> is a third-year student at Albany Law School. He grew up in Brooklyn, NY, and he graduated from the University at Buffalo where he studied Political Science and Public Policy.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>During his time in law school, Harris has been the Co-Chair of Albany Law School's chapter of the American Constitution Society and a Government Law Center Fellow. Additionally, he interned with a New York Supreme Court Judge in Nassau County, the Joint Commission of Public Ethics, and SUNY's Office of General Counsel.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>Harris is passionate about international law and specifically about human rights research. Following his graduation, Harris plans on working in New York City. Harris's passions outside of law include hiking, reading, and playing golf</i>. </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><br /></div><div>The Ukrainian flag is composed of two colors – blue and yellow. The two colors are laid out as almost a portrait of its natural landscape. The blue represents the clear sky above and the yellow represents the wheat fields that produce grain to feed much of the world. These fertile lands are attractive to any country – Russia included.</div><div><br /></div><div>In 2022, Russia is once again on the offensive against Ukraine. The motivating factor seems to be its desire to keep Ukraine in its sphere of influence. History often repeats itself and Russia (in its many forms) has been a historical colonizing empire in Eastern Europe. As a colonizing state, it has repeatedly engaged in activities to suppress its neighbors’ desires to determine their futures based on their own free wills.</div><div><br /></div><div>These repressions often resulted in large-scale atrocities such as Holodomor. These tragedies often went unnoticed. But it is important to shine a light on every event of human suffering and recognize Holodomor for what it truly was – a genocide, as defined by contemporary international law.</div><div>____________________________</div><div>To read the full paper, click<span style="color: #38761d;"> <b><span><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1BJ9MaaOzes8d3x3R2y4b3ngauLpkLTDs/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">HERE</a></span>.</b></span></div></div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-8485429584183371072022-03-12T13:03:00.003-05:002022-03-12T13:03:49.762-05:00Ethnic Cleansing: Largely Ignored Under International Law<div style="text-align: left;">By <span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Matthew C. Walsh</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhfCAgqctcSbyg82nPp3HeIsDeT14NPO8GMo0OM26dSarlTmoE2ybDkkf-Qxw6VcEY_Am8CfAWFkPpP8bmxSbjC1qE5PY-tiDO0TMBwqvWAuYdTUxdL1TvRZiQdQN5MOipL4I3OZCy1vDmH5EPODyRB_rxL35WSFL7gLUFbqxkW0mYWHbZteIrbodoS=s256" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="256" data-original-width="239" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhfCAgqctcSbyg82nPp3HeIsDeT14NPO8GMo0OM26dSarlTmoE2ybDkkf-Qxw6VcEY_Am8CfAWFkPpP8bmxSbjC1qE5PY-tiDO0TMBwqvWAuYdTUxdL1TvRZiQdQN5MOipL4I3OZCy1vDmH5EPODyRB_rxL35WSFL7gLUFbqxkW0mYWHbZteIrbodoS=w187-h200" width="187" /></a></div><i><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Matthew C. Walsh</b></span> is a third-year student at Albany Law School, class of 2022. He grew up in St. Albans, Vermont, and graduated from Southeastern University in Florida where he studied pre-law and history.</i></div><div><i>At Albany Law, Matt has served on the Executive Board of the Rugby Club and as an intern in the Family Violence and Litigation Clinic for the Justice Center at the law school. He currently works at a personal injury firm in Albany and, upon graduation, he will be moving to Syracuse to work at a medical malpractice defense firm.</i></div><div><i>In his free time, Matt enjoys playing sports, being on water, and spending time with family and friends. </i></div><div><i>This paper was prepared for Professor Alexandra Harrington's International Human Rights Law class.</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div>This paper analyzes the history of ethnic cleansing and establishes why it is time for the United Nations to codify it into international law.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">The Holocaust perpetrated by Nazi Germany through the 1930s and World War II is unfortunately only one example of many instances of ethnic cleansing throughout the world. While the United Nations has facilitated treaties prohibiting similar acts, that is not enough. All member states of the United Nations have the duty and obligation to preserve the life of all people and protect them from international human rights crimes. Despite this, there is still no international treaty or law that specifically bans ethnic cleansing.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Without such a treaty providing a definition, what exactly is ethnic cleansing, and what kinds of acts would fall under this category? Should there be a specific ethnic cleansing law in place? Are other international statutes and treaties already in place sufficient to provide the necessary protections? This paper analyzes these important questions and explains why an ethnic cleansing statute should be added to and recognized under international law.<div>______________________</div><div>To read the paper, open <b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tctBO5Gb44L3NRPnXkPowlIeFumnl_J1/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">HERE</span></a></b>.</div></div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-27947995950107100812022-03-04T11:41:00.000-05:002022-03-04T11:41:09.716-05:00Blurred Lines: Combatants & Non-Combatants in Modern American Conflicts<div style="text-align: left;">By <b><span style="color: #38761d;">Michael R. Tancredi</span></b><br /><i><span style="color: #38761d;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgXkKlnS-AhFkZEivPA_xKee68xGi0Z8YVNjE3LRd1QOj81tio3uJftTvY7XMEhOeSjbD0zUrq6DlQ5wMlFkuf1oU5aPVnDf0r2Y7kINDe6hjgmhij2EXv6BniCs-vK-TgDLUTArItQaqXI8fuJ_UN-_W7VqZWGgXYzn9lQ4EpsJ2zOOrra4AHdY6FT=s1870" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1870" data-original-width="1563" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgXkKlnS-AhFkZEivPA_xKee68xGi0Z8YVNjE3LRd1QOj81tio3uJftTvY7XMEhOeSjbD0zUrq6DlQ5wMlFkuf1oU5aPVnDf0r2Y7kINDe6hjgmhij2EXv6BniCs-vK-TgDLUTArItQaqXI8fuJ_UN-_W7VqZWGgXYzn9lQ4EpsJ2zOOrra4AHdY6FT=w167-h200" width="167" /></a></div>Michael R. Tancredi</span> is a third-year student at Albany Law School. He grew up in Hunter, NY, and graduated from the University of Vermont with majors in political science and history. After receiving his bachelor's degree, he chose to immediately begin his legal education in Albany.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i>While attending law school, Michael interned with the New York State Division of Veteran's Services, reviewing state legislation and assisting veterans in obtaining state benefits and assistance. Upon graduation, Michael hopes to move to New York City and pursue a legal career in public service.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div>This paper analyzes the morally fraught dichotomy between enemy combatants and non-combatants in a Post-Vietnam War world. The blurred lines encompassed by this juxtaposition are further complicated by the evolution of classical insurgency into the contemporary understanding of terrorism. The nature of modern conflict has produced competing approaches to the principle of discrimination, competing approaches that require that all parties to an armed conflict distinguish between civilians and combatants when conducting military operations.</div><div><br /></div><div>Can the U.S. approach of discrimination rise to a reasonable basis of distinction between enemy combatant and civilian, or is a more narrowly tailored approach needed? Is self-defense a rational justification for unmeasured drone strikes against Middle-East villages suspected of formerly harboring enemy combatants? These are the topics and issues this paper addresses, through both a historical and pragmatic lens.</div><div>______________________</div><div>To read the paper, open <b><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/15bzL6RsY8ncLe-Nko4oC_MTycEQ75ulJ/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">HERE</span></a></b>.</div></div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8033804536373486918.post-76075775461505150252022-02-16T12:01:00.004-05:002022-06-09T13:17:55.101-04:00International Criminalization of Sexual Violence and Gender-Based War Crimes<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 107%;">By <b><span><span style="color: #38761d;">Joseph T. Pidel</span><span style="color: #c00000; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><div><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhi6z2F4zNCMKFxC6LCX83vgIrFGUhHGbkygjs0IpWjPi8WCBgsxE1zw-8nIIhsDqudhiL2brk-BBIwsYl4mslUUmtEk71OHQak5e1ZEXXvrUq_KUZ6c78qBSeXZ4H5j2jJ42rukVeJjc6UI4vqb7eSBQmKBDxHDFZ_69c9fTGm1gGq724TyW8VxQBs=s485" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="471" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhi6z2F4zNCMKFxC6LCX83vgIrFGUhHGbkygjs0IpWjPi8WCBgsxE1zw-8nIIhsDqudhiL2brk-BBIwsYl4mslUUmtEk71OHQak5e1ZEXXvrUq_KUZ6c78qBSeXZ4H5j2jJ42rukVeJjc6UI4vqb7eSBQmKBDxHDFZ_69c9fTGm1gGq724TyW8VxQBs=w194-h200" width="194" /></a></div><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Joseph T. Pidel</span> </b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">graduated from Albany Law School with the class of 2021 and is currently practicing law in New York State. Throughout law school, Joseph served in numerous student organization roles, including serving as the Executive Director of the Anthony V. Cardona ’70 Moot Court Program and as the Albany County Bar Association Student Representative of the Student Bar Association.</span></i></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><i>Pursuant to his broad legal interests, Joseph obtained multiple legal internship opportunities during law school, including his work for the Hon. Christine M. Clark, the Special Victims Unit of the Albany County District Attorney’s Office, the Litigation Bureau of the New York State Attorney General’s Office, and his time as a law clerk for Dreyer Boyajian, LLP. </i></div><div><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Joseph wrote this paper for Professor Vincent Bonventre’s International Law of War and Crime class.</i></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><i><br /></i></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><i><br /></i></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">For many years, gender-based violence was often considered an inevitable consequence of war. However, the world has slowly begun to recognize gender-based violence as a war crime. While steps have been taken to hold individuals accountable for gender-based violence, such acts are still not held to the same standard as other war crimes, such as murder. </span></div></span><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Many individuals are unaware of how sexual and gender-based violence is punished globally. The goals of this paper are to assist individuals in generally understanding the issue of sexual and gender-based violence and to provide insight into how the international legal system can better protect victims of such violence and prevent such violence in the future. By increasing public awareness of this issue, political leaders will be more inclined to advocate for policies that further this paper's overall goal of mitigating the occurrence of sexual and gender-based war crimes.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Pursuant to accomplishing these goals, this paper will discuss the definition of sexual and gender-based violence, the laws that govern sexual and gender-based violence, the historical treatment of sexual and gender-based violence, and the progress made in addressing sexual and gender-based crimes. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">_____________________</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">To read the paper, open </span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VGII1DTTH9AfmHeF1IXvBYximn-2BTDF/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><span style="color: #38761d;">HERE</span></a></b></div></div>International Law Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09424699166566506216noreply@blogger.com